Shift time

{{Short description|Time interval between gear changes in a transmission}} {{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}{{Other uses|Time shifting}} '''Shift time''' refers to the time interval between [[gear]] changes in a [[Propulsion transmission|transmission]]. This interval is the time in which [[Power (physics)|power]] delivery is transferred to the next selected gear, and [[Engine|engine speed]] is reduced or increased to synchronize the speed of the next gear. Shift time is usually in reference to motor vehicles, but can apply to any gearbox. Shift time is measured by the time it takes for the engine rpm to synchronize with the next gear input speed target. This is illustrated by [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]], describing the 100-300 millisecond shifts of their DCT transmissions.{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.zf.com/master/media/en/corporate/m_zf_com/company/download_center/products/passenger_cars/aktiveanfahrsystemefrpkwbis1000nm.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601182705/https://www.zf.com/master/media/en/corporate/m_zf_com/company/download_center/products/passenger_cars/aktiveanfahrsystemefrpkwbis1000nm.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.zf.com}}

Reducing shift time is important in [[Performance car|performance]] and [[Motorsport|racing vehicles]] because upshifting generally interrupts power delivery to the wheels. Shift time in a [[Manual transmission|manual]] gearbox is dependent on the driver, but in [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] or [[Automated manual transmission|automated manual]] cars, the [[Automotive electronics#Transmission electronics|electronic]] or [[Hydraulic machinery|hydraulic control system]] must be calibrated and tuned to execute fast gear changes. Historically, a [[dual-clutch transmission]] shifts faster than a standard [[Automatic transmission|hydraulic automatic transmission]] with a [[torque converter]] or a single-clutch [[automated manual transmission]]. This is possible because the DCT can pre-select the next gear and transfer torque from one clutch to the next clutch with the pre-selected next gear, thus reducing shift times. Standard planetary automatic transmissions have caught up to DCT transmission shift times by also utilizing clutch to clutch shifts. For older transmissions, using a [[freewheel]] may reduce shift time, as it may not be necessary to use the clutch. A [[shift kit]] is also intended to reduce the shift time of a manual vehicle.

With a [[manual transmission]], upshift time can be reduced by installing a lighter [[flywheel]]. During an upshift, the engine speed must decrease to synchronize with a higher gear; a lighter flywheel will allow the engine speed to drop more quickly, leading to shorter shift times.

==Shift times== *A long shift time is considered anything over 625 [[millisecond|milliseconds]].{{cite web|url=http://www.asashop.org/autoinc/aug2004/techtips.cfm|title=Tech Tips: Understanding TAP|accessdate=2006-07-29|publisher=Automotive Service Association|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003094603/http://www.asashop.org/autoinc/aug2004/techtips.cfm|archivedate=2006-10-03}} *The average manual car driver takes between 500 ms and 1 s to perform vertical gear changes (i.e. 1st-2nd, 3rd-4th, 5th-6th) and 1 - 2 s to perform horizontal gear changes (i.e. 2nd-3rd, 4th-5th). Shift time is also dependent on gear throws (distance between gears), ease of movement, [[Human factors and ergonomics|ergonomics]] of the [[gear stick]], and gearbox condition. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} *For reference, the time it takes for a human to blink can be as quick as 100ms{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/media/library/blinking|title=Blink and you miss it!|website=www.ucl.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-11-28|archive-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702104040/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/media/library/blinking|url-status=dead}} (.1 seconds)

=== Example upshift times === Please note that some manufacturers may have different definitions of shift times, this is not a complete list. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Vehicle !Transmission model !Transmission type !Shift time (ms) !Notes |- |[[McLaren 675LT]] |7 Speed SSG |Dual-Clutch |40{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=William |date=2016-02-16 |title=2016 McLaren 675LT First Test Review |url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/2016-mclaren-675lt-first-test-review/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=MotorTrend}} |According to MotorTrend Article |- |[[Lamborghini Aventador]] |[[Graziano Trasmissioni|Graziano]] ISR |Automated manual |50{{Cite web |title=Oerlikon Graziano and Vocis Driveline Controls develop step change in transmission technology for new Lamborghini flagship - Oerlikon Graziano |url=https://www.oerlikon.com/graziano/en/media/press-releases-detail/8206/ |access-date=2018-11-28 |website=www.oerlikon.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Radu |first=Vlad |date=2021-07-02 |title=The Aventador's ISR Gearbox: How It Works and Why Some Owners Complain About It |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/the-aventador-s-isr-gearbox-how-it-works-and-why-some-owners-complain-about-it-164507.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=autoevolution |language=en}} | |- |[[Ferrari F430#430 Scuderia|Ferrari 430 Scuderia]] |Graziano F1 |Automated manual |60{{Cite web |title=SCUD MISSILE Ferrari 430 Scuderia Review |url=https://www.rushmagazine.co.uk/ferrari-430-scuderia-review |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Rush Magazine |language=en}} | |- |[[Ferrari FXX#FXX Evo|Ferrari FXX Evoluzione]] |Graziano F1 |Automated manual |60{{Cite web |title=Ferrari FXX Evo {{!}} Corse Clienti - Ferrari.com |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corse-clienti/fxx-evo |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.ferrari.com |language=en}} | |- |[[Maserati GranTurismo#GranTurismo MC Stradale (2011–2015)|Maserati GranTurismo MC Stradale]] |Maserati MC Race Shift |Automated manual |60{{Cite web |title=Maserati |url=https://www.media.maserati.com/releases/783 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.media.maserati.com}} |With Race mode active |- |[[BMW M5#E60/E61 M5 (2004–2010)|BMW M5 (E60)]] |BMW SMG III |Automated manual |65-250{{cite book |last1=Lewin |first1=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3I8yDQAAQBAJ&q=bmw%20e39%20transmission&pg=PA137 |title=The BMW Century: The Ultimate Performance Machines |date=30 September 2016 |publisher=Motorbooks |isbn=9780760353042 |page=137 |accessdate=21 July 2017}} | |- |[[Ferrari FXX]] |Graziano F1 |Automated manual |80{{cite web |title=Ferrari FXX Breaks Cover |url=http://www.pistonheads.co.uk/news/default.asp?storyId=12602 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2006-09-23 |publisher=Piston Heads |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205012320/http://www.pistonheads.co.uk/news/default.asp?storyId=12602}} | |- |[[Shelby Mustang#Ford Performance 3rd generation Shelby GT500 (2020–2022)|Shelby GT500]] (3rd generation) |[[TREMEC Corporation|Tremec]] TR-9070 |Dual-clutch |80{{cite web |title=Stunning Performance and Control: 2020 Shelby GT500 Achieves Supercar Acceleration with 760 Horsepower and 7-Speed Dual-Clutch Transmission |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2019/08/05/stunning-performance-and-control-2020-shelby-gt500.html |accessdate=9 June 2020 |website=Ford Media Center}} | |- |[[Bugatti Veyron]] |Volkswagen Group DSG |Dual-clutch |100{{Cite web |title=Bugatti Veyron Super Sport Technical Specifications |url=https://www.bugatti.com/fileadmin/media/Media/Veyron/Super_Sport/Technical_Specifications_Bugatti_Veyron_16.4_Super_Sport.pdf |access-date=2018-11-28 |website=Bugatti.com}} | |- |[[Mercedes-AMG GT|Mercedes-Benz AMG GT-Line]] |[[Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission|Mercedes-Benz AMG SpeedShift]] |Dual-clutch |100{{Cite web |title={{!}} Mercedes-Benz USA |url=https://www.mbusa.com/en/amg/performance/transmissions#dct-7g |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.mbusa.com |language=en}} |As little as 100ms, according to MB |- |[[Lexus LC|Lexus LC 500]] |[[Aisin]] WR10L65 |Hydraulic automatic |120{{Cite web |title=MY19 Lexus LC500 Sales Brochure |url=https://www.lexus.com/documents/brochures/2019/MY19-Lexus-LC-LCh-Brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-11-29 |archive-date=2018-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129183925/https://www.lexus.com/documents/brochures/2019/MY19-Lexus-LC-LCh-Brochure.pdf}} | |- |[[Renault Clio#Fourth generation (BH/KH; 2012)|Renault Clio RS 200 EDC Trophy]] (4th generation) |Renault EDC |Dual-clutch |<120{{cite web |title=New Clio R.S. 200 EDC: 'à la carte' sports performance |url=http://media.renaultsport.com/New-Clio-R-S-200-EDC-a-la-carte.html?lang=en |accessdate=2014-03-09 |publisher=Renaultsport}} |With Race mode active |- |[[Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)#ZL1|Chevrolet Camaro ZL1]] (6th generation) |[[Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission#10L90 MGL|Ford-GM 10L90]] |Hydraulic automatic |~150{{Cite news |title=Camaro ZL1's Lightning-Fast Transmission is a Perfect 10 |language=en |work=media.gm.com |url=https://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/may/0511-10speed-chevrolet.html |access-date=2018-11-28}} | |- |[[Ferrari Enzo]] |Graziano F1 |Automated manual |150{{cite web |title=Volkswagen makes way for DSG |url=http://paultan.org/archives/2006/06/26/vw-phases-out-automatics-makes-way-for-dsg/ |accessdate=2006-08-11 |publisher=Paul Tan}} | |- |[[Nissan GT-R]] |[[BorgWarner]] GR6Z30A |Dual-clutch |150{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=LAUNCH CONTROL: MY20 NISSAN GT-R IS READY FOR TAKE-OFF |url=https://uk.nissannews.com/en-GB/releases/launch-control-my20-nissan-gt-r-is-ready-for-take-off |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Official Great Britain Newsroom |language=en-GB}} |With R Mode active |- |[[Lexus LFA]] Nürburgring edition |Aisin SA6 |Automated manual |150{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Joe |date=2020-12-10 |title=What made the Lexus LFA Nürburgring edition so special? |url=https://mag.lexus.co.uk/what-made-the-lexus-lfa-nurburgring-edition-so-special/#:~:text=So%20in%20order%20to%20maintain%20the%20LFA's,62mph%20from%20rest%20in%20just%203.7%20seconds. |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Lexus UK Magazine |language=en-GB}} | |}

== See also ==

• [[Powershifting]]
• [[Shift kit]]

== References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Automobile transmissions]]